thiophene-3-carboxylate

Borax is mainly used in a lot of degrees. In the ancient "Tiangong Kaiwu", the use of borax is also quite crucial.
The primary use of borax is in metallurgy. When casting various metals, borax can be used as a flux. It can reduce the melting point of metals and make metals easier to melt and cast. For example, when casting copper, adding borax can make the copper liquid more fluid, the texture of the cast copper is more uniform, and there are few voids and trachoma defects. Because borax reacts with oxides on the surface of the metal at high temperatures, it can form fusible borates, which can remove oxides, so that the purity of the metal can be improved, and the cast product is also more durable.
Furthermore, in the case of ceramic firing, borax is also very useful. Borax is often added to the glaze of ceramics, which can make the glaze smooth and bright, and enhance the bonding force between the glaze and the carcass. During firing, borax helps the glaze melt at a lower temperature, saving fuel, and can also broaden the firing temperature range, reducing the cracking and deformation of ceramics due to temperature changes. The resulting ceramics have bright glaze colors and do not fade for a long time, which increases both ornamental and practical value.
In addition, in the field of medicine, borax is also a commonly used material. It has the effects of clearing away heat and detoxifying, reducing swelling and antiseptic. In ancient times, borax was often formulated into a medicine to treat swelling and pain in the throat, sores in the mouth and tongue, etc. Using borax to grind the end and blow on the affected area can slow the swelling and promote the healing of the wound. And the disinfection and sterilization power of borax can be used for the treatment of some trauma, preventing infection and helping the wound recover.
In addition, in the printing and dyeing industry, borax can be used as a mordant. When the fabric is dyed, borax can help the dye better adhere to the fabric, so that the dyeing is uniform, the color is firm, and it is not easy to fade. The dyed fabric is bright and colorful, and it can be used for a long time. In short, borax has important uses in various industries and was indispensable to the production and life of the ancients.

Borax is an important compound of boron and has many unique physical properties. It is a colorless translucent crystal or white crystalline powder, odorless and salty.
The crystal water content of borax often varies from environment to environment. In dry air, borax will slowly weathered and gradually lose the crystal water. Its solubility in water is considerable, and the solubility increases significantly with increasing temperature. In hot water, borax can be well dissolved, which makes it crucial in some solution formulations and chemical processes.
The melting point of borax is quite high, about 743 ° C. Such a high melting point allows it to maintain solid state stability in high temperature environments, so it has applications in metallurgy, welding and other fields. When the temperature reaches above the melting point, borax will melt into a glassy substance. This glassy borax has good thermal and chemical stability and can be used to make special glass and ceramic glazes.
In addition, the density of borax is about 1.73g/cm ³. The relatively moderate density makes it have certain advantages in some application scenarios where the relationship between material quality and volume needs to be considered. Its appearance is colorless, translucent or white crystalline, making it a suitable raw material in the manufacture of some products that require appearance. In many aspects of industry and daily life, borax plays an indispensable role because of its physical properties.

Borax is an important mineral and boron compound containing boron, and its chemical properties are quite characteristic. The chemical formula of borax is $Na_2 [B_4O_5 (OH) _4] · 8H_2O $. At room temperature and pressure, it is a colorless translucent crystal or a white crystalline powder. It is salty and easily soluble in water.
Borax is hydrolytic, and its aqueous solution is alkaline due to the hydrolysis of borate ions. According to its hydrolysis reaction, borate ions will combine with hydrogen ions ionized by water, which will increase the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution. This property makes borax in some chemical reaction systems that need to adjust the pH. It can be used as a buffer to maintain the relative stability of the pH of the system.
Borax also has the characteristics of thermal decomposition. When heated to a certain temperature, borax will gradually lose its crystalline water, and then decompose to form boron oxide and other products. This decomposition property is widely used in metallurgy, glass manufacturing and other fields. In the metallurgical industry, the products produced by the thermal decomposition of borax can help remove impurities on the metal surface, exert the effect of flux, reduce the melting point of metal, and make the metal smelting process smoother.
Borax can react with acid to form boric acid. This reaction is commonly used in chemical production to prepare boric acid. Boric acid is also used in many fields, such as medicine, glass, ceramics and other industries.
Borax can also react with some metal ions to form stable complexes. This complex property is used in analytical chemistry for qualitative and quantitative analysis of metal ions, and can be used to separate and detect specific metal ions by means of the special properties of the formed complex.
From the above, it can be seen that borax has diverse chemical properties and has important application value in many fields such as industry, chemical industry, analytical chemistry, etc. It is a chemical substance that cannot be underestimated.

As described in "Tiangong Kaiwu", arsenic is refined from letter stone. Letter stone, that is, arsenic stone, has a frost-like color, so arsenic is also known as letter cream.
To refine arsenic, you need to first take the letter stone and put it in the kiln. The structure of the kiln is quite exquisite. It is made of solid soil as the wall, and there is a grate under it, and a fire channel can be passed under the grate. Break the letter stone into small pieces and spread it evenly on the grate.
After making a fire, the fire needs to be even and slow, not too hasty. When the letter stone is heated, the impurities contained in it first escape, and gradually white smoke rises. When the smoke is slightly lighter, increase the fire, so that the letter stone can be fully calcined. At this time, it can be seen that on the kiln wall, a layer of white powder is gradually condensing, which is arsenic.
The time to be calcined is enough, turn off the flame and cool down. When the kiln is cooled, use a long-handled tool to carefully scrape the arsenic formed on the kiln wall. Arsenic is highly toxic, and you must be careful when taking it to prevent poisoning.
The arsenic made is as white as snow and as delicate as powder. Although it is a poison, it is also useful in medicine, agriculture and other fields. Those who use it must be familiar with its properties to avoid major disasters.

"Tiangong Kaiwu" has a saying: "All ink is made by burning smoke and condensing." Now I want to ask, what is the price range of one kind of black ink - black ink-3-black acid ink in the market?
black ink-3-black acid ink, its method of making ink may have changed according to the ancient method, but it also inherits the delicacy of ancient ink. The price in the market is difficult to generalize, and the price is different because of its quality, origin, and craftsmanship.
If the ordinary quality black ink-3-black acid ink is said to be in the market, the price of each ingot may be between half a tael and one tael. This is a category that ordinary people can buy. Although the quality of the ink is not the most refined, it is still sufficient for daily writing and painting.
If it is a fine-crafted and high-quality ink-3-acid ink, such as a fine product of pine smoke and a precious spice, which has been repeatedly tempered by skilled craftsmen, its price is high. Among the elegant calligraphy and painting houses, it is not surprising that each ingot costs three taels to five taels of silver. These ink products are valued by literati and scholars, and they are used to splash ink with a penny, which can increase the charm of calligraphy and painting.
What's more, if it is made by a famous family and has been around for a long time, the price cannot be estimated. Or there are thousands of dollars that are hard to find, which is not something that ordinary merchants can ask for. Most of them are things that collectors compete for, because they have the dual value of practicality and collection.
Therefore, the price of 3-acid ink in the market can be as low as half a tael of silver, and there is no upper limit if it is high. It depends on its quality, craftsmanship, origin and many other factors.