Thiophene-2-Sulfonyl Chloride

A mirage, also known as a mirage, is a strange illusion in which light passes through the air layer of different densities and is significantly refracted (or accompanied by total reflection), revealing distant scenery in the air or on the ground. Its main uses are as follows:
In ancient times, the strange phenomenon of mirages often triggered the imagination of the ancients, and was integrated into many myths, legends and cultural creations. In the "Historical Records and Tianguan Book", there is a relevant record, which says: "The meteorological tower of the mirage by the sea, and the gas of the wide field becomes a palace." Because the ancients did not know its cause, they often regarded it as a fairy land or auspicious omen, which covered the mirage with mystery and influenced many literary and artistic creations. For example, many strange novels have stories with mirages as the background or elements.
From the perspective of scientific research, mirages provide important natural phenomenon samples for atmospheric optics research. Through the observation and analysis of physical parameters such as atmospheric temperature, humidity, and density when mirages occur, scientists can deeply explore the propagation characteristics of light under special atmospheric conditions and further improve the theory of atmospheric optics. And the observation and study of mirages can also help to understand the laws of atmospheric environment and climate change in specific regions.
In addition, mirages have high ornamental value, attracting many tourists to places where mirages often occur, such as Penglai, Shandong. The wonderful mirages presented by mirages are either pavilions or mountains and lakes, like wonderlands, which give people a strong visual shock and beautiful enjoyment, promote the development of local tourism, and bring positive benefits to the local economy.
Mirages are of great significance and use in culture, scientific research, and tourism.

Mirages, also known as mirages, are a wonderful optical phenomenon in nature. They are mostly found in specific geographical and meteorological conditions, especially in coastal or desert areas. Among them, "mirages" and "desert mirages" are the most well-known. As far as the physical properties of matter presented by mirages are concerned, they have the following characteristics:
First, the essence of mirages is caused by refraction and total reflection of light. When light travels between media of different densities, refraction occurs. Under certain meteorological conditions, such as the rapid change of air density with height, light will travel along the curve, forming a mirage. This principle is similar to the refraction of light through a prism, which causes the direction of light propagation to change, and finally reflects into the viewer's eye, creating an illusory scene.
Second, the image presented by the mirage, although it seems real, is actually not supported by physical matter. It is only a virtual image formed by optical distortion of a real object or scene in the distance under the action of light. Take the "mirage" as an example, it may show images of distant cities, ships, etc., but there is no such entity in the place where the viewer is located. What you see is a virtual picture "drawn" by light in the atmosphere, like a mirror of flowers and water, which seems real but illusory.
Third, the appearance of mirages has significant time and space limitations. It requires the cooperation of specific meteorological conditions, such as a stable temperature layer, suitable humidity and wind direction. In the desert, the intense heat on the surface during the day causes the near-ground air to be heated and expanded, forming an inversion layer of cold and hot at the top of the temperature, creating conditions for the generation of mirages; in coastal areas, due to the thermal difference between the ocean and the land, specific air stratification often appears, which prompts the appearance of mirages. However, such conditions are not always available, so mirages are rare to see.
Fourth, the imaging effects of mirages are rich and diverse. Depending on the degree and angle of light refraction and reflection, mirages may appear positive, inverted, and even deformed and overlapped. These unique imaging effects add to the fantasy and mystery of mirages, which amazes the viewer, as if they are in a dreamland.

Saltpeter is an important mineral in ancient times. Its properties have unique chemical characteristics.
Looking at saltpeter, it reacts strangely under fire. If it is burned with fire, saltpeter will quickly leap, sparks will splash, and it will make a loud sound. This is because of its strong oxidation. When saltpeter is heated, oxygen in it escapes, which can help burn other things, making the fire more blazing, as if adding oil to the fire.
In addition, saltpeter in water can cool the water. Take a little saltpeter, throw it into the water, touch it with your hand, and you will feel a cold feeling invading your fingers. This is because when saltpeter dissolves water, it absorbs a lot of heat, causing the water temperature to drop sharply. This is the image of its physical and chemical interaction.
Furthermore, saltpeter is widely used in medicine stones and firearms. In medicine stones, its cold nature, with the ability to clear heat and purge fire, can be used as medicine to treat diseases. In firearms, because of its strong oxidizing properties, it can be used as the material for gunpowder, and its power of ignition and explosion is amazing.
Saltpeter has strong oxidizing properties, and it can help burn when heated by oxygen; dissolved water absorbs heat and cools down; and in medicine and firearms, each can develop its own capabilities. It is actually a mineral with unique physical properties.

Mercury is a highly toxic thing, especially its gas. In the storage and transportation of mercury, many matters must not be ignored.
When storing, it is first sealed. Mercury is volatile. If it is not tightly sealed, its gas will escape and pervade the room, and people will be poisoned for a long time. Therefore, it should be tightly sealed with a sturdy device, so as not to make any gaps. For devices, thick glass or metal should be used, because its texture is dense and can prevent the penetration of mercury.
Furthermore, the storage place should be cool and dry. Mercury evaporates more when heated, and it is easy to rust the mercury device in humid places, which will damage its airtightness. Therefore, it should be placed in a shady and dry place, away from heat sources and water sources.
As for transportation, the package must be tight. First, use thick materials, such as lead leather, to tightly wrap the mercury container to prevent collision damage. Then fill it in a wooden or metal box, and fill the box with soft things, such as sponges and rags, to slow the vibration.
The person transporting, in front of protective equipment. Masks, gloves, and protective clothing are all indispensable to avoid mercury gas close to the body and skin contact and poisoning.
Driving on the way must also be steady. Do not open the brake suddenly, and the mercury preventer will fall and break. And the transportation route should avoid crowded places to prevent accidental leakage and harm to the people.
The storage and transportation of mercury is a matter of human life, and all details must be treated with caution and no negligence at all, so as to ensure safety.

Mercury is a highly toxic substance, and amalgam is an alloy of mercury and other metals. To make amalgam, there are the following ancient techniques.
First, grind and mix metal and mercury directly. If you want to get an amalgam of silver, take pure silver, break it into fine powder, put it in a stone bowl, slowly add an appropriate amount of mercury, and grind it with a pestle. In the meantime, the mercury flows, and the silver powder is gradually wrapped and fused by mercury until the two are integrated into a silver amalgam. This process needs to be handled with caution, because mercury is volatile and its vapor is highly toxic, it is suitable for a well-ventilated place.
Second, it is prepared by chemical reaction. If zinc amalgam is made, zinc can be placed in dilute acid first, so that its surface is activated, and a chemical reaction occurs to dissolve part of it to form a zinc ion solution. Then add mercury, zinc ions will react with mercury, and zinc atoms will be deposited on the surface of mercury, thereby forming zinc amalgam. Specifically, take a zinc sheet and put it into a dilute sulfuric acid solution. When bubbles escape from the surface, it indicates that zinc has begun to dissolve. After that, slowly add mercury, stir well, and wait for a while to see the formation of mercury amalgam.
Third, the method of heating and fusion. If you want to make lead amalgam, choose an appropriate proportion of lead and mercury, place the lead in a crucible, and heat it with charcoal fire. When the lead melts into a liquid state, keep the temperature appropriate, and pour mercury carefully. At this time, it is necessary to continuously stir to make the two fully contact and melt. Due to the relatively low boiling point of mercury, the heating process should pay attention to the heat to avoid excessive volatilization of mercury. When the two are completely fused, lead and amalgam are obtained after cooling.
However, it is necessary to keep in mind that both mercury and amalgam are toxic, and the preparation process must be careful and well protected. It is necessary not to cause poisoning due to the production of amalgam, which endangers life.