Thiophene, 2-nitro-

Mercury sand, known as cinnabar, has a wide range of main uses and is of great value in many fields. It is also recorded in Tiangong Kaiwu.
In the field of alchemy, mercury sand has an extraordinary status. Ancient alchemists believed that it has magical effects and is a key raw material for alchemy. They went through complex refining procedures to extract the so-called "elixir" from mercury sand, hoping to achieve the purpose of immortality. Although this concept lacks scientific basis in today's view, in ancient alchemy culture, mercury sand played a crucial role.
In the field of medicine, mercury sand is also an important medicinal material. Traditional Chinese medicine regards it as having the effect of calming the nerves, clearing away heat and detoxifying. It can be used to relieve symptoms such as insomnia, heart palpitations, and madness. " Although the medicinal details of mercury sand are not detailed in Tiangong Kaiwu, ancient medical texts have long recorded the medicinal use of mercury sand, which shows its importance in the Chinese medicine system.
In the field of pigments, mercury sand has significant uses. Its color is bright and lasting, and the ancients often processed it into pigments for painting, lacquer decoration and ceramic coloring. Many ancient paintings and handicrafts can still be colorful over the years, and mercury sand pigments are indispensable. And because of the characteristics of mercury sand, it has been preserved for a long time through the color of its colored objects, preserving many artistic treasures for future generations.
In the field of metallurgy, mercury sand is an important raw material for refining mercury. Mercury is widely used in the metallurgical industry, such as for the extraction of precious metals such as gold and silver. Mercury can form amalgam with these metals, and pure metals can be separated by subsequent processing. In the development of ancient metallurgical technology, mercury sand was an important source of mercury and promoted the progress of the metallurgical industry.

The physical properties of the cyanide group can be particularly investigated. Cyanyl group is a functional group formed by the connection of carbon and nitrogen with three bonds. Things with this group often exhibit unique properties.
In terms of its polarity, the cyanyl group is a strongly polar group. The electronegativity of borderline carbon and nitrogen is different. The electronegativity of nitrogen is stronger than that of carbon, and the electron cloud is biased towards the nitrogen atom, so that the cyanyl group has a dipole moment. Therefore, compounds containing the cyanide group bis-cyanide group have better polarity and good solubility in polar solvents.
As for the boiling point, due to the strong polarity of the cyanyl group, the intermolecular dipole-dipole interaction can occur, which is stronger than the general non-polar or weakly polar intermolecular forces. It is a direduced cyanyl group, the boiling point is often higher, and more energy is required to overcome the attractive force between molecules, so that it can change from liquid to gaseous.
In terms of chemical activity, the triple bond of the cyanyl group is electron-rich and nucleophilic. The direduced cyanyl compound can participate in many nucleophilic substitution and addition reactions. Under suitable conditions, the cyanyl group can be hydrolyzed to carboxyl groups, or reduced to amino groups, which are commonly used in organic synthesis.
And its stability, although the cyanyl triple bond energy is quite high, it can also break under specific reagents or conditions. In case of strong acid, strong base or strong reducing agent, the cyanyl structure of the direduced cyanyl compound may be damaged, triggering the corresponding chemical reaction.
In terms of solubility, in addition to the solubility of polar solvents affected by polarity, some dicyanobenzene compounds also have certain solubility in organic solvents such as ethanol and acetone due to the overall structure of the molecule, while in non-polar solvents such as n-hexane The solubility is poor.

The chemical properties of 2 + -cyano-, this expression is not clear and accurate. It is speculated that what you want to ask may be "the chemical properties of 2-cyano-". The following is an ancient saying based on the properties of common cyano- (-CN) organic compounds:
The cyano- containing substances have different properties and have many wonders. Cyano- is a strong electron-absorbing group that often changes the electron cloud distribution of molecules, making the parts connected to it uniquely reactive.
In cyano- containing compounds, cyano- can be used as nucleophiles to react with substrates such as halogenated hydrocarbons. The activity of halogenated hydrocarbons is quite good. The cyanophilic group attacks the carbon attached to the halogen atom, and the halogen ions leave to form a new carbon-cyanide bond to obtain nitriles. This reaction can increase the length of the carbon chain of the molecule, which is widely used in organic synthesis.
When talking about the hydrolysis, the cyanide group can be hydrolyzed under the catalysis of acid or base. When catalyzed by acid, the cyanyl group is first added to water, and after a series of conversions, it is finally formed into carboxylic acid and ammonium salt. When catalyzed by base, the products are carboxylate and ammonia. This hydrolysis reaction is an important way to produce carboxylic acids from compounds containing cyanide groups.
And its reduction property, the cyanyl group can be reduced. Taking catalytic hydrogenation as an example, under the action of suitable catalysts such as palladium carbon, the cyanyl group can be gradually reduced to an amino group, which is a method for preparing amine compounds. If strong reducing agents such as aluminum lithium hydride are used, the cyanyl group can also be reduced, but the reaction conditions are more severe and caution is required.
Furthermore, cyanyl groups can participate in many condensation reactions. For example, with carbonyl compounds, under alkali catalysis, condensation can occur, forming products with new carbon-carbon bonds and nitrogen-containing functional groups, which add to the construction of complex organic molecular structures.

When making rice, take the millet first, and soak it in water to make it soft. When soaking rice, it is advisable to measure the water temperature and the duration of the soaking time. The water temperature is preferably at a suitable temperature. For a long time, it depends on the quality of the millet, which is mostly based on the fact that the millet can absorb water moderately without spoiling. After soaking, drain the water, and steam it in a retort. When steaming rice, the control of the heat is the key, and it is advisable to use a fierce fire to urge it, so that the rice is quickly ripe without burning, and the ripe rice is soft and ripe without losing its shape, and the aroma is also released.
At the same time, prepare.
At the same time, malt and the like are also prepared. Take the wheat, soak it in water, put it in a warm place, and let it germinate. The length of the sprouts is also particular. If it is too long, the nutrients will be depleted, and if it is too short, the saccharification power will be insufficient. Moderate is appropriate. When the malt grows, crush it into a powder, and set aside.
The steamed millet, when it is slightly cool, is combined with the malt powder in a suitable ratio. The proportion is related to the quality of the rice. Usually, the principle is more rice than less, but it must be fine-tuned according to the actual situation. After mixing, place it in a warm and sheltered place to ferment and saccharify. During this period, it is advisable to check it from time to time to prevent the temperature from being too high or too low, which will affect the saccharification process.
When the saccharification is completed, take its juice. It can be filtered with a cloth first to remove its residue and obtain the first juice. The first juice still contains impurities, so it needs to be further boiled and purified. When boiling, simmer slowly over low heat and keep stirring, so that the water gradually evaporates and the concentration of the jelly gradually increases. And pay attention to the heat and the frequency of stirring. If the heat is too fierce, it is easy to cause deep color and bitter taste; if the stirring is not uniform, it is easy to burn. When the consistency of the jelly reaches a suitable level, if it can be pulled and kept, it is made. At this time, the jelly is crystal clear in color, sweet and delicious, which can be tasted in food and can also be used as an ingredient for other things.

As recorded in "Tiangong Kaiwu", arsenic is a highly toxic substance. Its preparation is often made by roasting and sublimation of arsenic-containing minerals. As for mercury, it is also a highly toxic substance. Arsenic and mercury have many significant effects on the environment.
First of all, arsenic, if it persists in the environment in large quantities, it will cause serious soil pollution. The arsenic contained in arsenic will continue to accumulate in the soil. Once the arsenic content in the soil is too high, it will greatly affect the normal survival and reproduction of microorganisms in the soil. Many beneficial microorganisms, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria that participate in the soil nutrient cycle and actinomycetes that decompose organic matter, their activity will be greatly reduced due to the toxicity of arsenic, thereby destroying the balance of soil ecosystems. In addition, crops grown in contaminated soil will absorb arsenic in the soil, resulting in excessive arsenic content in agricultural products, which not only affects the quality and yield of crops, but also poses a serious threat to human and animal health after being passed through the food chain. At the same time, if arsenic enters the water body, the arsenic content in the water body will rise sharply. Arsenic can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, destroy the physiological functions of aquatic organisms, lead to the death of aquatic organisms such as fish and shellfish, and seriously affect the diversity of aquatic ecosystems.
Looking at mercury, mercury is volatile in the environment, forming mercury vapor, which is emitted into the atmosphere. Mercury in the atmosphere can be transported over long distances as it diffuses with airflow. When it settles to the ground or water bodies, it will cause mercury pollution in soil and water bodies. In water, mercury is converted by microorganisms into methylmercury, which is highly fat-soluble and easy to accumulate in aquatic organisms. For example, small fish and shrimp ingest methylmercury, while large fish feed on small fish and shrimp, so that the accumulation of methylmercury in organisms at the top of the food chain is extremely high. If humans eat these mercury-contaminated aquatic products, methylmercury will enter the human body, damage the nervous system, immune system, etc., and cause serious diseases such as Minamata disease. In soil, mercury inhibits the activity of soil enzymes, affects soil respiration and nutrient transformation processes, hinders the absorption of nutrients by plant roots, resulting in poor plant growth and development, and has adverse chain reactions to the entire terrestrial ecosystem.
In short, arsenic and mercury are both substances that are very harmful to the environment. Although the ancients did not know the principle of their harm to the environment in detail as they do today, they were also well aware of their severe toxicity. Therefore, when using and handling, extreme caution should be taken to avoid irreparable damage to the environment.