Thiophene-2-carbaldehyde

Lead and mercury are commonly used in alchemy by alchemists. Its main use is quite crucial in the ancient "Tiangong Kaiwu".
Lead is soft and heavy in nature. In the art of alchemy, it is often used for medicinal induction. Due to the characteristics of lead, it can help the fusion of various medicines, and reconcile all kinds of heat and medicinal power in the cauldron. For example, in ancient times, alchemists used lead as the base, and introduced the medicines of gold and stone, so that they could be refined in the cauldron, hoping to condense the elixir. And lead also has the ability to calm the fall. During alchemy, it can make the qi of medicine not dissipate and help it condense and form.
Mercury, commonly known as mercury, is a liquid metal and has a flexible nature. In alchemy, the use of mercury is particularly unique. First, mercury is volatile, which can lead to the rise of fire and help the circulation of qi in the alchemy furnace, just like the flow of qi and blood in the human body, so that the medicinal power can flow around. Second, mercury can react with many metals to form amalgam. With this characteristic, the alchemists used mercury to fuse other substances, hoping to change the texture and efficacy of the drug, such as mercury combined with gold, making it easy to refine, and then play a different role in the process of alchemy.
However, it needs to be made clear that although lead and mercury have such functions in alchemy, they are all toxic. Ancient alchemists did not know its harm, and in order to seek longevity, they blindly took lead and mercury to make alchemy, resulting in many adverse consequences. Although it played an important role in alchemy culture at that time, from now on, it should be viewed cautiously with a scientific perspective, get rid of its dross, and take its cultural research value.

Mercury, a chemical element, also has the symbol Hg. It is a liquid metal at room temperature, and its physical properties are unique, which is worthy of detailed investigation.
Mercury has a silvery white color and is dazzling, just like the moon, which is amazing to watch. Its texture is smooth, and it feels unique to the touch, without the roughness of ordinary solids.
Under normal temperature and pressure, mercury is in a liquid state, which is its most significant characteristic. Most metals are solid, but mercury can flow freely, just like smart water, but it is much heavier than water. Its fluidity is excellent, and it can roll freely on the plane, and it can be divided and combined at will, just like a spiritual thing with life.
The density of mercury is quite high, about 13.6 times that of water. So when it is placed in water, mercury will quickly sink to the bottom, like lead stone falling into the abyss. This high density gives mercury a different sense of weight, and when you hold a mercury container, you can clearly feel its heavy texture.
The melting point of mercury is very low, only -38.87 ° C, which allows mercury to remain liquid in ordinary low temperature environments. Its boiling point is relatively high, reaching 356.6 ° C. Such a wide liquid temperature range makes mercury useful in many special scenarios.
Furthermore, the surface tension of mercury is quite high, which can make it form a nearly perfect round bead shape on a flat surface, just like silver beads scattered, round and full, and not easy to disperse. This property also adds a bit of unique charm to mercury.
Mercury has good electrical conductivity, although it is not as excellent as copper, silver and other metals, but under certain conditions, its electrical conductivity should not be underestimated, and it may play a key role in some electrical experiments and special circuit structures.

Mercury is one of the hardware. Mercury bisvalent mercurous ions have unique chemical properties.
Mercurous ions (Hg ² ²) have stable electronic arrangement, but they also have their own special reaction properties. First, mercurous ions can react with a variety of anions. When encountering chloride ions (Cl), that is, the white precipitation of generating mercurous chloride (Hg ² Cl ²). This precipitation property is relatively stable, and the solubility in water is very small. When the ancients were refining alchemy, this phenomenon was common and regarded as a wonderful change. The text said: "Mercury turns white when exposed to chlorine, like frost and snow, with a strong and dense quality." This is due to the electrostatic attractive force between chloride ions and mercurous ions, which makes the two combine to form insoluble compounds.
Furthermore, mercurous ions have certain redox properties. In a suitable oxidizing environment, mercurous ions can be oxidized to mercury ions (Hg ² 🥰). In the ancient times, in the art of fire refining, the morphological changes of mercury may be seen, which is the principle of redox. In case of strong oxidizing agents, mercurous ions lose electrons and transform into mercury ions, and their chemical forms and properties change.
Mercurous ions also react specially with certain organic reagents. When they encounter sulfur-containing organic matter, they can form mercury-containing organic compounds, often accompanied by changes in color or morphology. This change may have been mysterious in the experiments of ancient alchemists, but its root cause was the result of chemical action.
The chemical properties of mercurous ions were not explained by precise scientific theories in ancient times, but the ancients had a glimpse of their wonderful changes in practice, leaving many traces for the development of chemistry in later generations.

Mercury, the genus of metals, is soft and flowing, liquid at room temperature, silver-white and shiny. Mercury bisvalent salts, such as mercury chloride, mercury nitrate, etc., have been prepared in ancient times, and each has its own techniques, as detailed below.
First, mercury bisvalent salts can be obtained by reacting metallic mercury with strong oxidizing acids. If mercury is co-heated with concentrated nitric acid, the chemical equation for the reaction is:\ (Hg + 4HNO_ {3} (concentrated) = Hg (NO_ {3}) _ {2} + 2NO_ {2}\ uparrow + 2H_ {2} O\). This reaction is violent. When mercury encounters concentrated nitric acid, it reacts quickly. The reddish-brown gas nitrogen dioxide escapes, and then the mercury nitrate solution is obtained. After evaporation and crystallization, mercury nitrate crystals can be obtained.
Second, mercury salt ore is used as raw material. For example, cinnabar, that is, mercury sulfide, can be roasted in air first. Mercury sulfide reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide and mercury oxide. The reaction formula is:\ (HgS + O_ {2}\ stackrel {\ Delta }{=\!=\!=} Hg + SO_ {2}\). This reaction releases mercury elemental matter. After the mercury reacts with acid, the corresponding mercury bisvalent salt can be obtained according to the above method of reacting with acid.
Third, the bisvalent salt of mercury is prepared by metathesis reaction. For example, the reaction of soluble mercury salt and soluble halide, taking the reaction of mercury nitrate and sodium chloride as an example, the chemical equation is:\ (Hg (NO_ {3}) _ {2} + 2NaCl = HgCl_ {2} + 2NaNO_ {3}\). In solution, the ions exchange components with each other to form mercury chloride. Due to the limited solubility of mercury chloride, it can be precipitated from the solution, and then separated and purified to obtain pure mercury chloride. Most of the ancient alchemists used mercury and mercury salts for alchemy. Although they have explored the preparation of mercury salts, there are many shortcomings in their methods, and mercury and mercury salts are toxic, so they should be used with caution. Today's chemical preparation is more accurate with scientific methods and chemical principles, and the prepared mercury salts are also more pure.

Mercury is the ancestor of hardware, also known as lead essence. When storing and transporting mercury, all kinds of precautions must be paid attention to, which is related to personal safety and all things go well.
The choice of the first heavy utensil. When storing mercury, use a strong and tight utensil to prevent leakage. If it is made of porcelain bottles, although the texture is dense, it is necessary to carefully check for cracks. If there is a little carelessness, it will be difficult for the mercury to escape. Metal containers, such as iron and copper, also need to be cautious. Mercury has special properties and can form amalgam with various metals. If the container is made of improper materials, or the container is damaged, the mercury will also be lost.
The second is environmental considerations. The storage place should be cool and dry, protected from high temperature and strong sunlight. High temperature can exacerbate mercury evaporation. In a confined space, the concentration of mercury vapor rises sharply, and inhalation will damage the organs, especially the liver and kidneys. And the proportion of mercury vapor is larger than that of air, and it is mostly deposited in low places, so the storage place should be well ventilated to prevent accumulation. When transporting, you should also pay attention to the temperature and humidity of the environment. If it is hot in summer weather, you should try to cool down to avoid mercury escaping due to heat.
Furthermore, the operation must be cautious. When handling mercury, handle it with care, and do not collide with the container. If there is a slight bump, mercury is easy to splash out. If it is accidentally sprinkled, it will be covered with sulfur powder quickly. Mercury and sulfur can quickly combine to form mercury sulfide, which is greatly reduced in toxicity, and can be cleaned up calmly. Operators, in front of protective clothing, wear masks and gloves to avoid direct contact between mercury and the skin, and to prevent mercury vapor inhalation.
During transportation, it is necessary to fix the container. Pad with thick and soft objects, such as cotton, sponges, etc., to slow down the impact and vibration. And the packaging is tight to prevent damage to the container caused by external forces. The escort must be familiar with the characteristics of mercury and emergency disposal methods. If there is an accident, he can deal with it in time to avoid major disasters.
Storage and transportation of mercury, from equipment, environment to operation and protection, all details are of great importance. If there is a slight mistake, it will harm the person.