Disthiophene disulfide

The divalent beryllium dihalide, taking beryllium difluoride as an example, has a unique chemical structure. In the solid state, beryllium difluoride has a framework structure similar to quartz. The beryllium atom is in the center position, and the surrounding area is connected by covalent bonds to four fluorine atoms, forming a tetrahedral configuration. Each fluorine atom is connected to neighboring beryllium atoms, thus forming a three-dimensional network structure.
In this structure, the beryllium atom is hybridized by\ (sp ^ 3\), which allows it to form stable chemical bonds with the four fluorine atoms. This structure gives beryllium difluoride some special physical and chemical properties. From the perspective of chemical bonds, the covalent bond between beryllium and fluorine has a certain polarity, but due to the symmetry of the structure, the polarity of the whole molecule is weakened.
As for beryllium dichloride, in the gaseous state, it usually exists as a linear monomer. The beryllium atom is bonded to two chlorine atoms through\ (sp\) hybridization, and the bond angle is\ (180 ^ {\ circ}\). However, in the solid or liquid state, beryllium dichloride will polymerize to form a long chain structure. In the long chain, each beryllium atom is still covalently connected to two chlorine atoms, and at the same time connected to other beryllium atoms through the bridging of chlorine atoms. This structural change makes beryllium dichloride exhibit different properties in different states.
The structure of beryllium dibromide is similar to that of beryllium dichloride. The gaseous state is a linear monomer, while the solid or liquid state tends to form a polymeric structure. Bromine atoms and beryllium atoms are connected to each other through covalent bonds to construct a corresponding structural system. The unique chemical structure of these divalent beryllium dihalides is determined by the electronic configuration of beryllium atoms and the properties of halogen atoms, which have a profound impact on their chemical reactivity and physical properties.

Diethylene glycol dinitrate has a wide range of main uses. This is an organic nitrate ester, which has high energy properties and is important in many fields.
First, in the field of military ammunition, it is often used as a propellant component. Cover because it can provide considerable energy, so that the ammunition can obtain the required power to achieve the specified range and damage effect. For example, in rocket propellants, diethylene glycol dinitrate can be combined with other ingredients to generate a strong thrust through combustion, which can push the rocket load into the sky and perform various military tasks, such as missile strikes.
Second, in the civilian blasting industry, it also plays a significant role. Civil blasting operations, such as mining, road construction and other projects, require high-efficiency blasting materials. Diethylene glycol dinitrate can be used as a key component of blasting potions. With the energy released by its explosion, it can break rocks and demolish buildings, etc., which greatly improves engineering efficiency. For example, in mining, precise blasting can separate ore from rock mass, which is convenient for subsequent mining and processing.
Third, it is also indispensable in the manufacture of fireworks. Because of its participation in the pyrotechnic formula, the combustion performance and effect can be adjusted. When the fireworks bloom, diethylene glycol dinitrate promotes the brilliant brilliance and changeable shape of the fireworks, adding a joyous atmosphere to the celebrations. For example, large-scale festival fireworks shows, behind the colorful fireworks, there is the credit of diethylene glycol dinitrate.
Fourth, in some research fields, due to its special chemical properties, it is used as an experimental reagent to help researchers explore chemical reaction mechanisms and develop new materials. When developing new energetic materials, diethylene glycol dinitrate can be used as a basic raw material or reference material to promote the development of materials science.

The oxides of mercury divalent, known as mercury oxide ($HgO $), come in two variants: red mercury oxide and yellow mercury oxide. Both are basic oxides with the following physical properties:
- ** Color and morphology **: Red mercury oxide is a red powder, while yellow mercury oxide is a yellow fine powder. The two are only different in color, and the chemical properties are not different. Due to the consistent crystal structure, the difference is only due to the particle size.
- ** Density **: Mercury oxide has a high density of about 11.14 g/cm ³, which makes it heavy to the touch and is significantly denser than most common substances.
- ** Solubility **: Mercury oxide is insoluble in water and has very low solubility in water. However, it is soluble in dilute acid, cyanide base, and iodide base solutions, and chemical reactions can occur in these solutions to generate corresponding mercury salts.
- ** Stability **: Mercury oxide is relatively stable at room temperature and pressure. However, it is easy to decompose when heated. When the temperature reaches about 500 ° C, it will decompose into mercury and oxygen. This decomposition reaction is quite important. In history, it was one of the common methods for extracting mercury.
- ** Odor and Taste **: Mercury oxide is odorless and odorless. This property can be used as an important basis for identification and use.

There are many synthesis methods of dioxin dihalides, and the main ones can be selected as follows:
First, halogenation reaction. This is through the compound containing aromatic rings, under specific halogenation reagents and conditions, the hydrogen atoms on the aromatic rings are replaced by halogen atoms, and then dioxin dihalides are formed. If chlorobenzene is used as a substrate, under suitable catalyst and temperature conditions, it can gradually realize the halogenation process and obtain related products. In this process, the choice of catalyst and the precise control of reaction conditions are crucial, which have a huge impact on the selectivity and yield of products.
Second, condensation reaction. Phenols and halogenated aromatics are often used as raw materials, and the skeleton structure of dioxin is constructed through condensation reaction under alkaline conditions and with the help of catalysts. For example, p-chlorophenol and o-dichlorobenzene are used as starting materials. In a strong alkali environment, under the action of a phase transfer catalyst, the two condensation occurs, and the corresponding dioxides can be formed. When reacting, it is necessary to pay attention to factors such as the strength of the base, the amount of catalyst, and the reaction time and temperature to prevent the growth of side reactions and improve the purity and yield of the target product.
Third, oxidative cyclization reaction. Some compounds with specific structures can undergo oxidative cyclization steps under the action of oxidants to construct the core structure of dioxin, and then obtain dioxin dihalides through halogenation modification. For example, some ortho-substituted aromatic compounds, under the action of appropriate oxidants such as high-valent metal salts, first undergo oxidative cyclization to form dioxin parent structures, and then undergo halogenation reactions to achieve the synthesis of the target product. In this path, the type of oxidant, the pH of the reaction system, and the conditions for subsequent halogenation all have a significant impact on the reaction efficiency.
Each method of synthesis has its own advantages and disadvantages. In practical application, it is necessary to comprehensively consider many factors such as the availability of raw materials, the difficulty of reaction, and the purity requirements of the product, and carefully choose the appropriate synthesis path to achieve the expected synthesis purpose.

Diethylene glycol dinitrate is a kind of explosive. During use, many matters need to be paid careful attention to.
The first safety protection. This substance is highly dangerous and can easily cause an explosion in case of friction, impact or heat. Therefore, users must wear complete protective equipment, such as explosion-proof clothing, hard hats, protective gloves and goggles, to prevent accidental explosions from causing serious damage to the body. The workplace should also be equipped with complete fire protection facilities and emergency rescue equipment, and ensure that they can be used normally at any time.
The second is storage conditions. Diethylene glycol dinitrate should be stored in a cool, dry and well-ventilated place, away from fire, heat and oxidants. Because it is extremely sensitive to temperature and humidity, high temperature and humid environment can easily cause it to decompose or accelerate the reaction, increasing the risk of explosion. The storage warehouse also needs to be managed by a special person, strictly register the entry and exit of the warehouse, and strictly prohibit unrelated personnel from approaching.
The other is the operating specification. The operation must be gentle to avoid violent stirring, tapping or vibration. Just take the right amount, and do not operate in excess. If it needs to be mixed with other substances, it must be strictly carried out according to the established formula and operating procedures to prevent danger due to improper proportions or operation errors. During the operation, temperature, pressure and other parameters should also be closely monitored. If there is any abnormality, stop the operation immediately and take corresponding measures.
In addition, the transportation link cannot be ignored. Special vehicles that meet safety standards should be selected during transportation, and proper measures such as shock protection, fire protection and sun protection should be taken. Transport personnel must be professionally trained and familiar with emergency handling methods. Transportation routes should avoid densely populated areas and important facilities to ensure the safety of the transportation process.
In general, when using diethylene glycol dinitrate, every step must be rigorous and meticulous, and safety regulations and operating procedures must be strictly followed. There must be no slack, so as not to cause a disaster.