5-bromo-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxylate

In the words of "Tiangong Kaiwu", borax, which was formerly known as sand, is mainly used for a wide range of purposes.
Borax is of great benefit in metallurgy. When casting copper, an appropriate amount of borax is added, which can be used as a flux. Because it can reduce the melting point of copper and make the copper liquid more fluid, the copper liquid can be evenly distributed throughout the casting mold during the casting process, so that the texture of the casting tool is uniform and there is less trouble of trachoma in the gap. And borax can be combined with impurities in copper and float on the surface of the copper liquid, which is easy to remove impurities, improve the purity of copper, and make the cast copper better quality and gloss.
In the ceramic firing industry, borax is also indispensable. Adding borax to the glaze can change the properties of the glaze. First, it can reduce the melting temperature of the glaze, so that the energy consumption can be reduced during firing, and the glaze surface can be vitrified at a relatively low temperature to form a smooth and bright surface. Second, borax can enhance the chemical stability and thermal stability of the glaze, making ceramic products more resistant to acid and alkali erosion in daily use, and not easy to break when the temperature changes.
In addition, in the way of alchemy and pharmacy, borax also has its uses. In ancient alchemist alchemy, borax can participate in the refining process of some medicinal pills, or as an auxiliary agent to adjust the medicinal properties of medicinal pills. In folk medicine, borax has the effect of clearing away heat and detoxifying, reducing swelling and antiseptic when used externally. It can be used to treat sores in the mouth, swelling and sore throat, etc., or ground into powder and applied to the affected area, or fried water and gargling, all of which can relieve the disease.
It can be seen that borax has important uses in metallurgy, ceramics, medicine and many other aspects, and is commonly used in many ancient techniques and medical practices.

Borax is a very important mineral traditional Chinese medicine, and its main component is the crystalline hydrate of sodium tetraborate. Although "Tiangong Kaiwu" does not specifically describe the physical properties of borax, it can be discussed from the following aspects in combination with ancient and modern understanding.
The color of borax is usually white or colorless, just like the purity of the first snow in winter, and the clarity of clear water. Its appearance is mostly crystalline, and the crystal shape is quite regular. It is like a carefully carved work of art, with the delicacy and order of natural creations. In terms of texture, borax is relatively brittle. It is easy to break into small pieces when touched or knocked, just like the quality of glass. Although beautiful, it is fragile.
The solubility of borax in water is considerable. When placed in water, it slowly dissolves, just like spring snow meets the warm sun, gradually disappearing into invisibility, and finally turning into a uniform solution. And during the dissolution process, the water temperature does not change significantly, neither hot rising nor cold plummeting.
The crystal of borax has a certain luster, and under the light, it shines slightly, just like the faint stars twinkling in the night sky, exuding a unique charm. Its density is higher than that of common light substances, and when held in the hand, it has a heavy feeling, giving people a real and heavy impression.
In addition, the taste of borax is slightly salty, and the tip of the tongue can perceive the unique taste, which is different from the saltiness of common salt and the sweetness of cane sugar. This unique taste experience is also one of its physical properties. In short, the physical properties of borax are of great significance in its identification and application, and also play a unique role in many fields in ancient times.

Borax is commonly known as sodium pentaborate. It is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and technology fields. As for its chemical properties, it is quite stable.
The chemical structure of borax is composed of boron, oxygen, sodium and hydrogen elements intertwined. Its crystal structure is dense and orderly, which is one of the main reasons for its chemical stability. Under normal temperature and pressure, borax can maintain its own structural integrity and is not easy to react hastily with common substances around it.
Looking at its action with acids, borax encounters strong acids and slowly decomposes to release boric acid. This reaction process does not happen overnight, and it requires certain conditions and time. Because the boron-oxygen bond energy in borax is quite large, it takes a lot of energy to break it.
When exposed to alkali, borax also shows a stable state. Alkali substances have little effect on the structure of borax, and it is difficult for the two to react violently.
In the redox reaction system, the valence state of boron in borax is relatively stable, and it is not easy to be easily oxidized or quickly reduced. To change its valence state, severe reaction conditions are required, such as specific temperature, pressure and catalyst coexistence.
And borax has a certain degree of hydrolysis, but the degree of hydrolysis is very small. In neutral or near-neutral aqueous solutions, the concentration of ions produced by the hydrolysis of borax is quite low, which has little effect on the stability of its overall chemical properties.
In summary, the chemical properties of borax are stable. Under normal environment and general chemical reaction conditions, borax can maintain its own structure and properties constant. This characteristic makes it widely used in many fields, such as metallurgy, glass manufacturing, pharmaceutical anti-corrosion, etc., all rely on its chemical stability to achieve the desired effect.

To make borax, there are two methods. First, start with boromagnesium ore and first heat it with soda ash. Boromagnesium ore is also a mineral containing magnesium borate. It is synthesized with soda ash at high temperature to form borax, magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide. The text says: "Boron-magnesium ore (2MgO · B2O O 🥰) is co-heated with soda ash (Na 2O CO 🥰) to obtain borax (Na 2O B O), magnesium oxide (MgO) and carbon dioxide (CO 🥰)." The formula of its transformation is as follows: 2 (2MgO · B2O O 🥰) + Na 2O CO 🥰 → Na 2O BO + 4MgO + CO 🥰 ↑. The borax produced can be obtained by water quenching, filtration, concentration and crystallization.
Second, the double decomposition method of boric acid and borax is used. Boric acid is also a weak acid. React boric acid and borax in solution, and borax can be produced according to the principle of acid and base. If boric acid (H-O-O-O) is mixed with borax (Na-B-O), the formula should be: 4H-O-O + Na-B-O-O → 2H-O-O + 5H-O, and then adjust the pH, concentrate, crystallize, etc., borax can also be obtained. The two methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. The former is based on ore, and the raw materials are easy to obtain, but the process is longer. The latter has mild reaction conditions and higher product purity, but the cost of raw materials may be different. Both are commonly used methods for making borax.

"Tiangong Kaiwu" says: "Alum is found in stone, and its names are alum, green alum, yellow alum, and bile alum." Among them, green alum, that is, ferrous sulfate crystal, in the market price, often varies from time to time.
In the past, green alum was mostly produced in mining and metallurgy. Its production was obtained by phasing iron and sulfuric acid and refining. At that time, green alum was mostly used in dyeing and medicine. In dyeing, green alum can be used as a mordant to help the fabric fix the color, so that its color does not fade for a long time; in medicine, it can treat diseases, but the dosage must be accurate to avoid hurting the body.
Because green alum has a wide range of uses, its market demand is also not small. In general market conditions, the price of green alum is about a few dollars to one or two silver lines per catty. If the place of origin is nearby, due to the large output and sufficient supply, the price may be slightly lower, and the price per catty may be a few dollars of silver lines; while in remote places, transportation is difficult and the cost is accumulated, the price may be as high as one or two silver lines, or even more.
However, the market conditions are changeable, and the price of green alum also varies with supply and demand. If the mining and metallurgy produce a lot, the output of green alum increases sharply, and the supply exceeds the demand, the price will decline; if there are natural and man-made disasters, the mining and metallurgy will be damaged, the output will decrease, and the supply will be in short supply, the price will rise. And the price of green alum of different quality is also different. Those with high quality must be higher