4-Fluorobenzothiophene-2-carboxylic acid

Borax is a common chemical substance. Its chemical properties are unique and worth exploring.
The main component of borax is sodium tetraborate, and its crystals contain crystal water. At room temperature, borax is a colorless translucent crystal or white crystalline powder, odorless and salty. Borax can undergo hydrolysis in water, and its aqueous solution is alkaline. This is because borate ions can combine with hydrogen ions ionized from water, which increases the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution, so it appears alkaline.
Borax has a certain stability. When it encounters strong acid, it will react to form boric acid. Boric acid is a weak acid with weak acidity. Borax can also react with a variety of metal ions to form complexes with specific colors. This property is often used for chemical analysis and identification of metal ions.
Under heating conditions, borax will lose its crystalline water, and further heating will melt into a glassy substance. This glassy substance can dissolve a variety of metal oxides, and presents different colors due to different metal ions. It is widely used in metallurgy, glass manufacturing and other industries.
Borax has important uses in many fields. In the field of medicine, it can be used as a disinfectant and preservative because of its sterilization and disinfection effect. In industry, in glass and ceramic manufacturing, it can improve the performance of products. In chemical production, it is also an important raw material for the preparation of other boron-containing compounds. However, borax is also toxic to some extent, and it should be used with caution to prevent harm to the human body and the environment.

To make butyric acid, there are various methods, which are described in detail as follows.
First, diethyl malonate and halogenated ethane are used as the beginning, and diethyl malonate and sodium alcohol are met in the first order. Sodium alcohol is pulled out of hydrogen, and diethyl malonate forms a carbon negative ion. Then, this carbon negative ion is nucleophilically substituted with halogenated ethane to obtain alkylated diethyl malonate. Then it is hydrolyzed in an acid or alkali environment. The hydrolyzed product is thermally decarboxylated to obtain butyric acid. This step is slightly more complicated, but the raw materials are easy to obtain, and the reaction conditions are also milder. < Br >
Second, butene, carbon monoxide and water are used as materials, and with the help of catalysts, n-valeraldehyde can be obtained through hydroformylation. N-valeraldehyde is oxidized again, and the aldehyde group can be converted into carboxyl groups to obtain butyric acid with common oxidants such as potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate. This reaction step is simple, the atomic utilization rate is high, but a specific catalyst is required, and the reaction conditions are more severe, such as temperature and pressure, which need to be precisely controlled.
Third, using ethyl butyrate as the source, butyric acid is obtained by hydrolysis. Under the catalysis of acid or alkali, ethyl butyrate interacts with water, the ester bond breaks, the acid catalysis is reversible, and the alkali catalysis is more thorough, resulting in butyric acid and ethanol. This approach is easy to operate, but the raw material ethyl butyrate may need to be purchased, and the cost may be considered.
Fourth, butyric acid can be prepared by microbial fermentation method. Choose suitable microorganisms, such as some Clostridium bacillus, in a suitable medium, cultured at a specific temperature, pH and other conditions. During the microbial metabolism process, the substrate can be converted into butyric acid. This method is green and environmentally friendly, and the conditions are mild. However, the fermentation process is easy to contaminate bacteria, and the separation and purification of the product is also challenging.
All kinds of production methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, and the practical application needs to be weighed against various factors such as raw material availability, cost, and product purity.

"Tiangong Kaiwu" says: "There are two big ends for the use of ramie: one is woven into summer cloth, and the other is to make ropes."
The summer cloth woven from ramie is delicate, light and breathable, especially in summer. During the hot summer, wearing summer cloth clothes, the breeze is coming, and the heat suddenly disappears. It is a wonderful thing to relieve the heat. And summer cloth is durable, and it can be rubbed over time without being easily damaged. Therefore, the multi-purpose clothing of the people is also favored by the dignitaries. It is often made of summer cloth, and exquisite clothes are cut to show its elegant taste.
As for ramie ropes, they are also widely used. Because of its tough fibers, the ropes made are strong and not easy to break. When farming, it can be tied to agricultural tools to help the development of agriculture; when sailing, it can be tied to boats to ensure the stability of boats; when building, it can be used to pull heavy objects and help the construction of projects. All of these rely on the power of ramie ropes.
In addition, ramie is also involved in papermaking, medicinal use, etc. When making paper, ramie is used as raw material, and the paper made is of excellent texture, which is suitable for writing and painting; medicinally, ramie has the effect of clearing heat and cooling blood, detoxifying the fetus, and can treat some diseases. However, compared with weaving summer cloth and making ropes, the use of the two is slightly inferior. Therefore, the main use of ramie is still to weave summer cloth and make ropes.

At present, above the market, the price of butyric acid is complex and changeable due to various reasons. Looking at the current situation, the determination of its price is related to the production of raw materials, the difficulty of craftsmanship, the situation of demand and supply, and the guidance of government orders and the market style are also involved.
The raw material is also the source of butyric acid. If it is abundant in production and easy to obtain, the price of butyric acid will be normal; if the weather is not smooth, drought, waterlogging and insect disasters, the production of raw materials is reduced, and it is difficult and expensive to obtain, the price of butyric acid will rise. And the method of harvesting and the system of storage and transportation are all involved in cost. If the cost increases, the price will rise, and if the cost decreases, the price will fall.
The craftsman, the path of butyric acid is also The art of mastery can improve production and quality, reduce its consumption, and reduce costs, and the price will also decrease accordingly; if the art is poor, the production will be low and the consumption will be high, and the price will be expensive. The rise of new art, or the change of price, at the beginning, the new art was not widely used, the investment was huge, and the price was high; and it was widely distributed, the cost gradually decreased, and the price also stabilized.
The situation of demand and supply is most obvious in the shadow of price. If you want a lot of supply and a small supply, the price will be high; if you want a small supply and a sufficient supply, the price will be low. The dynamics of the city and the needs of people can all lead to changes in demand and supply. For example, in the rise of medicine and chemical industry, if the demand for butyric acid increases, if the supply is not enough, the price will rise; on the contrary, if the industry declines and seeks to decrease, if the supply exceeds the demand, the price will fall.
If the government decrees, the rules of the city are also. The adjustment of taxes and the system of access can all affect the price of butyric acid. If the tax increases, the cost of the business will increase, and the price will rise; if the tax decreases, the cost will decrease, and the price is expected to decrease. If the access is strict, there will be few producers, and the price will be high if the supply is small; if the access is wide, there will be many producers, and the price will be low if the supply is large.
< If the market trend is careless, the inferior butyric acid will also have a market, and the price will be high.
To sum up, the price of butyric acid in the market is indeterminate, and it changes with changes in raw materials, processes, demand and supply, government orders, and market trends. Businesspeople need to observe the current situation and understand the changes, so as to respond to the needs of the market and set its price, in order to be neutral and invincible in the market.

"Tiangong Kaiwu" records that the brewing conditions of polygonum vinegar are quite exquisite. Polygonum vinegar should be placed in a cool and dry place, so as to avoid direct sunlight and moisture intrusion. Direct sunlight can easily cause the temperature of the vinegar liquid to rise, accelerate its deterioration and deterioration; moisture intrusion is easy to breed bacteria and affect the quality of the vinegar.
The container for storing polygonum vinegar is also required, and a clean and well-sealed utensil should be used. Cleanliness can prevent impurities from mixing in and seal the canon to avoid air entry. Air entry will cause acetic acid in the vinegar to react with oxygen, reduce acidity, change flavor, and even cause the vinegar liquid to deteriorate.
In addition, the temperature of the storage environment should be kept relatively stable and should not fluctuate widely. If the temperature is too high, the fermentation and oxidation process of vinegar will be accelerated, shortening the shelf life; if the temperature is too low, although it can delay the deterioration, it may affect the microbial activity in vinegar and change its flavor and quality. The ideal temperature range is roughly between 10 and 25 degrees Celsius.
Under such storage conditions, Polygonum vinegar can better preserve its unique flavor and quality, prolong the storage time, and be used for a long time without losing its original taste and characteristics.