3-Thiopheneboronic acid

3-Hydroxybutyric acid, also known as β-hydroxybutyric acid, is one of the ketone bodies in the body and plays an important role in the energy metabolism of the human body. Its main uses are as follows:
First, it is an energy source. In the case of hunger, fasting or long-term intense exercise, fatty acids in the human liver are oxidized by β to form acetyl-coenzyme A, and some acetyl-coenzyme A will be converted into ketone bodies, 3-hydroxybutyric acid is one of them. Ketone bodies can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and supply energy to the brain and other tissues to maintain the normal physiological functions of the body. The Huangdi Nei Jing says: "Grain enters the stomach to spread to the lungs, and the five internal organs to receive qi." Although this is said to be the transmission of grain qi, the theory of energy metabolism is also clear. In a special state, the body activates ketone bodies such as 3-hydroxybutyric acid to supply energy, just like finding a new way to nourish the viscera.
Second, it may be related to the diagnosis of diseases. In some disease states, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, the level of 3-hydroxybutyric acid in the patient's body will be significantly increased. Doctors can use the detection of 3-hydroxybutyric acid content in blood or urine to assist in the diagnosis of the disease, monitor the progress of the disease and the treatment effect. "Treatise on Miscellaneous Diseases of Typhoid Fever" treats diseases, focusing on verification and cause, and observing the changes of the disease in detail. Detecting 3-hydroxybutyric acid is like detecting the signs of the disease
Third, studies have shown that 3-hydroxybutyric acid may have neuroprotective effects. In studies of neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, it has been found that 3-hydroxybutyric acid may have a certain protective effect on nerve cells, or can delay the process of neurodegeneration. This is like building a barrier for damaged nerve cells to prevent more damage. "Qianjin Yaofang" also emphasizes the parallel health and treatment of diseases. The neuroprotective effect of 3-hydroxybutyric acid may be a new way in the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases.

There are various methods for synthesizing 3-pentanoic acid. The following are common methods:
First, glutaric anhydride is used as the starting material. The glutaric anhydride is reacted with an appropriate amount of reducing agent, such as lithium aluminum hydride, in a suitable organic solvent, such as anhydrous ethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran, at low temperature and under strict anhydrous and anaerobic conditions. The carbonyl group of glutaric anhydride is gradually reduced by the reducing agent, and then 3-pentanoic acid is formed. This process requires fine regulation of the reaction temperature and the amount of reducing agent to prevent excessive reduction. The reaction mechanism is that the hydrogen anion in lithium aluminum hydride performs nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group of glutaric anhydride, followed by a series of rearrangement and elimination reactions to achieve the formation of the target product. < Br > Second, it is prepared by the reaction of halogenated hydrocarbons with diethyl malonate. First, a suitable halogenated olefin, such as 3-halogenated-1-propylene, and diethyl malonate are catalyzed by a strong base, such as sodium ethanol, to undergo nucleophilic substitution in ethanol solvent. The resulting intermediate product is then hydrolyzed and decarboxylated to obtain 3-pentanoic acid. Specifically, sodium ethyl alcohol captures the methylene hydrogen in diethyl malonate to form a carbonanion, which carries out a nucleophilic attack on the carbon atom connected to the halogen atom of the halogenated olefin and undergoes a substitution reaction. In the subsequent hydrolysis step, the ester group is converted into a carboxyl group, and the decarboxylation reaction is under heating conditions, the carboxylic acid of a specific structure removes a molecule of carbon dioxide to generate 3-pentenoic acid.
Third, 3-pentenal is used as the raw material. 3-pentenal is oxidized to 3-pentenoic acid using a suitable oxidant, such as manganese dioxide or Jones reagent. If manganese dioxide is used as the oxidant, the reaction is usually carried out in an organic solvent such as dichloromethane, the reaction conditions are relatively mild and the selectivity is high. The oxidation process is that the active check point on the surface of manganese dioxide interacts with the aldehyde group, so that the aldehyde group is oxidized to the carboxyl group, and the manganese dioxide itself undergoes valence changes. If Jones reagent is used, that is, sulfuric acid aqueous solution of chromium trioxide, although the oxidation ability is strong, attention should be paid to controlling the reaction conditions to avoid damage to the product structure caused by excessive oxidation.

3-Dibutyric acid, also known as β-dibutyric acid, is a characteristic compound. Its physical properties are special and interesting.
First of all, it can be melted and boiled. The melting temperature of 3-dibutyric acid is generally between 49 and 53 degrees Celsius. This melting temperature makes it mostly solid at normal temperatures, but it can be easily melted into a liquid with a little addition. As for the boiling temperature, it is between 207 and 208 degrees Celsius, so the boiling temperature indicates that it needs a high temperature before it can be vaporized.
Furthermore, it is soluble. This compound is aqueous and can have a certain solubility in water. Due to the presence of groups in its molecules, the groups can form water molecules and are therefore soluble in water. At the same time, it also has a certain solubility in polybutyric solutions, such as ethanol, ether, etc. This property makes it useful in the fields of synthesis and chemical analysis.
In addition, the outer layer of 3-butyric acid is usually a white crystalline powder, and it is difficult to smell. Its density is less than 1.2 g/cm ³. This density characteristic is very important in the calculation of the amount of matter involved and the phase engineering process.
Therefore, the physical properties of 3-ylbutyric acid, such as melting, solubility, externality, taste, density, etc., are mutually reinforcing and each has its own use. In chemical research, manufacturing, bioengineering, and other fields, there are values that cannot be ignored. The development of the field of phase development plays a crucial role in promoting.

For 3-pentanoic acid, pay attention to many matters during storage and transportation.
When storing, the temperature of the first environment. It needs to be placed in a cool place, and the temperature must not be too high, otherwise it may cause its chemical properties to change. Under high temperature, it may cause its decomposition reaction, which will damage its quality. Therefore, it is advisable to choose a storage place with a stable temperature, and set up a temperature monitoring device to control it at any time.
Humidity is also the key. If the humidity is too large, it is easy to make 3-pentanoic acid absorb moisture, or react with hydrolysis, which will reduce the purity. Make sure that the storage place is dry, and a desiccant can be placed around to maintain suitable humidity.
Furthermore, it is quite sensitive to light. Under light exposure, or trigger photochemical reactions, causing changes in composition. When storing, use an opaque container and avoid direct light exposure. It can be hidden in a dark room or a place with shading facilities.
As for transportation, the choice of container is crucial. A container that can withstand vibration, collision and is well sealed must be used to prevent the leakage of 3-pentanoic acid. For long-distance transportation, it is necessary to strengthen the packaging to ensure safety during transportation.
Vehicles transported should also be kept clean and should not retain impurities that can react with 3-pentanoic acid. And during driving, you should avoid high temperature and hot topic areas, drive carefully, do not cause bumps, collisions, etc., so as to avoid damage to the container and leakage. Once leaked, not only material loss, but also pollution to the environment, if it comes into contact with the human body, it is also harmful to health. Therefore, the whole transportation process must strictly abide by the regulations to ensure the safety of 3-pentanoic acid.

In today's world, commerce is prosperous, and all kinds of goods have prices. However, the market price of 3-aminobenzoic acid often changes due to the times, supply and demand.
In the city, its price may vary due to different origins. If the product is abundant and the land is close, its price may be slightly cheaper; if the product is scarce, the journey is far away, and the price will increase. And the difference in craftsmanship is also related to its price. The method of refined research and craftsmanship, the cost or reduction, the price will also be reduced; if the craftsmanship is crude, it consumes money and effort, the price will rise.
In addition, the market supply and demand is the main reason for pricing. If there are many people in need and few people in supply, the price will be high; if there are few people in need and enough people in supply, the price will be flat. Therefore, the price is difficult to determine. Roughly speaking, the price may be in the range of tens to hundreds of yuan per kilogram. However, this is only an approximate number. The actual price must be carefully inspected by the market conditions and consulted with merchants before it can be determined. The market of Gaishang is fickle, and the price is also changing with each passing day. It cannot be generalized.