2-Thiophenecarbonitrile

2-% pentenedioic acid, although there is no exact chemical name in the era covered by "Tiangong Kaiwu", from the perspective of the application of related substances, its related natural products should have certain uses in ancient times.
In traditional Chinese processes, certain plant or mineral raw materials may contain similar structural substances during processing and utilization, which may affect the process. For example, in the dyeing process, some natural dye plants may contain such structural components, which may affect the binding fastness, color brightness and durability of dyes and fabrics. For example, when some plants containing special organic acids are used as dyes for silk dyeing, they are similar to 2-pentenedioic acid structural substances, or can be used as mordant dyeing aids related ingredients, auxiliary metal ions are combined with dyes, so that the fabric dyeing is more uniform and firm, and the color is more stable.
In terms of pharmaceuticals, ancient herbal texts record many plant medicines, some of which contain similar structural organic acids through modern research. Although the ancients did not know its exact structure, they found its medicinal effects in long-term practice. For example, some plants are used to regulate qi and blood in the body, relieve pain, clear away heat and dampness, etc. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, plants containing such substances may have corresponding medicinal effects because they can regulate human qi and balance the yin and yang of the viscera. For example, folk use some wild herbs to boil and take, treat gastrointestinal discomfort, etc. Among them, there may be similar structural components of 2-pentylenedioic acid that play a role, which may improve the disease by regulating the pH of the gastrointestinal environment and participating in metabolic reactions in the body.
In addition, in the brewing industry, similar organic acids may be produced during microbial fermentation. Such as brewing rice wine, vinegar, etc., the fermentation system is complex and the microbial metabolites are diverse. Similar 2-pentylenedioic acid substances may affect the fermentation process and the formation of flavor substances. It may be used as a flavor precursor substance, and further react to generate esters, aldose and other flavor components, which affect the aroma and taste of brewed products. For example, in vinegar brewing, the appropriate acidity and the proportion of related organic acids are the keys to forming a unique flavor, and similar components of 2-pentenedioic acid may play a subtle role in it.

It is a compound preparation commonly used in agriculture and has many unique physical properties.
Its appearance is often beige to light brown and fine powder, the powder is fine, the mesh number is quite good, and it can be well dispersed and suspended in water, which is convenient for agricultural spraying operations. Looking at its color, it has no variegated dark color and shows a pure color, which is a sign of good quality.
Smell it, the smell is slight and there is no irritating odor, unlike ordinary pungent agricultural agents. When working in the field, it has little olfactory stimulation to the applicator, which can create a relatively comfortable operating environment. < Br >
When it comes to solubility, it exhibits good solubility in common organic solvents, such as acetone and methanol. This property makes it easy to blend with the solvent when preparing pesticide solutions, ensuring uniform dispersion of active ingredients and improving drug efficacy. Although it is not completely soluble in water, it can form a stable suspension through specific processing to meet the needs of spray use.
Its density is also moderate, neither too heavy to precipitate too quickly, nor too light and difficult to adhere to the surface of crops. The moderate density allows the agent to evenly cover crops after spraying, effectively exerting the effect of disease prevention and treatment.
In addition, 2-% pentazolyl methaltrexyl has good stability. Under normal storage conditions, it can maintain its physical properties and chemical activity for a long time. Even after changes in temperature and humidity, it is not prone to caking, stratification and other phenomena, providing convenience for farmers to store and access at any time, and ensuring the need for agricultural medication.

The chemical properties of 2-% pentylacetoacetic acid are as follows:
This compound has the characteristics of an ester. Its molecule contains an ester group, so a hydrolysis reaction can occur. Under acidic conditions, hydrolysis produces 2-pentylacetoacetic acid, which is further decarboxylated by heat to obtain the corresponding ketone. Hydrolyzed under basic conditions, carboxylic salts are formed. After acidification, 2-pentylacetoacetic acid can also be obtained, and it is also decarboxylated to ketones when heated. This hydrolysis property is due to the generality of esters, which is due to the easy breaking of acyl-oxygen bonds in ester groups.
2-% pentylacetoacetic acid has a typical reaction of carbonyl groups because it contains carbonyl groups. It can react with nucleophilic reagents, such as addition with hydrogen cyanic acid to generate cyanohydrin; addition with Grignard reagents to obtain alcohol products. The presence of carbonyl groups makes α-hydrogen have certain activity. Due to the conjugation of carbonyl groups with ester groups, α-hydrogen acidity is enhanced, and it can be taken away by bases to generate carbon negative ions. This carbon negative ion has nucleophilic properties and can react with electrophilic reagents such as halogenated hydrocarbons to achieve carbon chain growth.
Because it is an organic compound and flammable, under appropriate conditions, it reacts with oxygen to generate carbon dioxide and water. In addition, the molecule also contains an alkyl structure. Although the alkyl chemical properties are relatively stable, free radical reactions such as halogenation reactions can occur at high temperatures, in the presence of light, or in the presence of catalysts. For example, when exposed to halogen elements, hydrogen on the alkyl group is replaced by halogen.
The chemical properties of this compound are determined by the functional groups it contains, and the functional groups interact with each other to jointly create its diverse chemical behaviors, which are of great significance in organic synthesis and other fields.

There are many methods for synthesizing 2-% pentynylacetic acid, each of which has its own advantages and is suitable for different situations. The following is the detailed description of Jun.
One is the reaction between halogenated hydrocarbons and sodium acetylene. First, an appropriate halogenated acetate and sodium metal are used in anhydrous ether and other solvents to form sodium acetylene. Then, it undergoes a nucleophilic substitution reaction with halogenated hydrocarbons, and the hydrocarbon group of the halogenated hydrocarbons is then connected to the alkynyl group to form an ester of the target product 2-% pentynylacetic acid. The advantage of this method is that the raw materials are relatively easy to obtain, and the reaction conditions are easy to control. The structure of the product can be flexibly adjusted by selecting different halogenated hydrocarbons. However, the preparation of sodium acetylene requires an anhydrous and oxygen-free environment, which requires high operation requirements, and the activity of halogenated hydrocarbons has a great influence on the reaction. If the activity is too low, the reaction is difficult to occur.
The second is the carbonylation of alkynes. With acetylene as the starting material, under suitable catalysts (such as transition metal catalysts such as palladium and nickel), carbon monoxide, suitable solvents and specific reaction conditions, acetylene is first carbonylated with carbon monoxide to form an intermediate of unsaturated acid. Subsequently, through further addition reactions, appropriate hydrocarbon groups are introduced to eventually generate 2-% pentyne acetic acid. This method has high atomic utilization and conforms to the concept of green chemistry. However, the catalyst is expensive, the reaction conditions are harsh, and high temperature and high pressure are required, which requires very high reaction equipment, and the regulation of reaction selectivity is quite difficult, which is easy to produce side reactions.
The third is the synthesis method of diethyl malonate. Diethyl malonate and halogenated hydrocarbons undergo nucleophilic substitution under the action of basic reagents such as sodium alcohol, and the desired hydrocarbon group is introduced. Subsequently, the corresponding carboxylic acid can be obtained through hydrolysis, decarboxylation and other steps. If the halogenated hydrocarbons are cleverly selected so that the structure of the introduced hydrocarbons meets the requirements of 2-% pentyne acetic acid, the target product can be successfully synthesized. This method route is relatively mature, the reaction conditions are relatively mild, and However, there are many reaction steps, cumbersome operation, and the cost of diethyl malonate will have a greater impact on the overall synthesis cost.

At present, the price of dimethyl ether on the market is not fixed, due to various reasons that cause it to fluctuate.
Its price is related to the supply and demand of raw materials. If the raw materials of dimethyl ether are made, the production is abundant, the market supply is abundant, the price may level or even drop. If the production of raw materials decreases, there are many seekers and few suppliers, and the price will rise. And the change in the price of raw materials also directly affects the price of dimethyl ether. If the price of raw materials rises, in order to ensure their profits, the producer must raise the price of dimethyl ether.
Furthermore, the market demand is also heavy. In the chemical, pharmaceutical and other industries, if the demand for dimethyl ether is extensive, and the demand is too high, the price will be high. On the contrary, if the demand for this material in various industries decreases sharply, the supply exceeds the demand, and the price will fall.
The process and cost are also related to its price. The emergence of new techniques and good laws can reduce the cost of production and promote its price. However, if there is trouble in the production, the cost will rise, and the price will also rise.
In addition, the regulation of government and the adjustment of taxes have an impact on the price of diglyceride. The policy of government incentives, or tax reduction and fee reduction, can ease the burden of the producer and facilitate its price control. On the contrary, if taxes are strictly increased, the cost of the producer will increase, and the price will also increase.
To sum up, the market price of dimethyl ether often fluctuates between [X1] yuan and [X2] yuan per kilogram. However, this is only an approximation, and the real-time price must be known according to the market conditions.