What is the chemical property of this substance?

The chemical properties of this substance are also related to its characteristics and behavior in chemical reactions. According to the "Tiangong Kaiwu", although the substance is not directly described, there are many discussions on the properties of various substances, which can be referred to for analogy.

The chemical properties of the

The first thing to consider is its stability. Stable, it is not easy to change under normal conditions, and can last for a long time without qualitative change. If the substance is active, it is easy to combine with other substances. For example, in metals, gold is stable and rarely reacts with foreign substances, and often exists as a single substance; while sodium is extremely active, and it responds to water when it encounters water. Hydrogen and alkali are produced.

It is flammable and is a common chemical property. As mentioned in the book, charcoal, when burned, generates heat and emits light, and can be cooked and metallurgized. Charcoal is completely burned in sufficient oxygen to generate carbon dioxide; if there is insufficient oxygen, carbon monoxide is produced. The two are very different in nature. Carbon monoxide is toxic. Although carbon dioxide is non-toxic, it can also cause harm if it is too much.

Oxidation and reduction are also key chemical properties. Those with oxidation can cause others to lose electrons and gain electrons themselves; those with reduction are the opposite. Taking the smelting of iron as an example, iron ore (such as iron oxide) is oxidizing, and carbon is reducing. At high temperatures, carbon steals oxygen from iron oxide and reduces iron to precipitate.

And the chemical properties of substances are often affected by factors such as temperature, pressure, pH and so on. When the temperature increases, the rate of most chemical reactions increases; the pressure changes, which has a great impact on the reactions participated in by gases; and the pH is different, and the reaction mode of the substance is different from that of the product.

From this perspective, in order to understand the chemical properties of the substance, it is necessary to consider its stability, flammability, redox properties, etc., and also to observe the role of external conditions. Although "Tiangong Kaiwu" does not specify this substance, the chemical principles described are sufficient for investigation.

What are its main uses?

"Tiangong Kaiwu" is a scientific and technological masterpiece written by Song Yingxing in the Ming Dynasty. It has a wide range of uses and involves many fields.

In terms of agricultural production, the book has detailed records on the planting and cultivation techniques of various crops. As for rice cultivation, it details a series of links from soaking, seedling raising, transplanting to field management and harvest, including when sowing can adapt to the weather, what soil conditions are suitable for rice growth, and irrigation and fertilization methods, which provided scientific guidance for farmers to improve grain yield at that time. For wheat cultivation, there are also relevant sowing seasons, disease and pest prevention, etc., which help to refine agricultural production and ensure the food supply of the people.

In the field of handicraft industry, the use of "Tiangong Kaiwu" is extremely critical. In ceramic production, from raw material selection, washing, to billet making, decoration, firing, each step is explained. Taking Jingdezhen ceramics as an example, the techniques recorded in the book help craftsmen master exquisite skills and fire exquisite and high-quality porcelain, which not only meets domestic demand, but also exports in large quantities, making Chinese porcelain famous all over the world. In the textile industry, the processing of cotton, hemp, silk and other textile raw materials, from reeling, spinning to weaving and dyeing, has specific process descriptions, which promote the technological progress of the textile industry, improve the quality and output of fabrics, meet the needs of the people for clothing, and occupy an important position in foreign trade.

Metallurgical casting is also its key content. Regarding metal mining, it records the distribution, characteristics and mining methods of various metal ores; in the smelting process, it introduces the smelting technology of different metals, such as the blast and casting process of ironmaking, to provide technical support for the development of metallurgical industry, and to ensure that the production of metal products such as weapons, agricultural tools, and living utensils has a profound impact on the military, agriculture, and people's lives.

In addition, "Tiangong Kaiwu" also has detailed technical records in the papermaking, salt making, sugar making and other industries, which greatly promoted the development of various industries at that time, and was of great significance to the social economy and scientific and technological progress of ancient China.

What is the method of synthesizing this substance?

If you want to make this thing, there are many ways, let me tell you one by one.

First, you can use natural methods. In the beautiful land of mountains and rivers, look for its original ore. This place needs to have specific geological conditions, or geothermal transpiration, or through ancient rivers alluvial, in order to contain this thing. After digging the original ore, first clean it with clean water to remove its sediment impurities. Then put it in a special furnace and slowly bake it with a slow fire. The heat needs to be precisely controlled. If it is too strong, it will damage its quality, and if it is too weak, it will be difficult to purify. When it is baked to the right time, take it out and grind it into a powder, and then sieve it with a fine sieve to get a fine powder. This is the key to the natural preparation method.

Second, the method of chemical synthesis. Prepare the required chemical raw materials, the proportion of which is crucial. Pour the raw materials into the reactor in a specific order. The reactor needs to be made of special materials that can withstand high temperature and high pressure. Start the reactor, adjust the temperature and pressure, and make the raw materials chemically react in it. During this process, the progress of the reaction needs to be closely monitored, and with the help of professional equipment, observe the changes in its color, smell and state. After the reaction is complete, cool the product, and then go through a series of separation and purification steps to remove impurities, and finally obtain a pure substance.

Third, the method of biosynthesis. Find microorganisms with specific functions and cultivate them in a suitable medium. The formula of the medium needs to be carefully prepared to be rich in nutrients required for the growth of microorganisms. The microorganism is cultured in a constant temperature, constant humidity and sterile environment. When the microorganism grows to a certain stage, a specific inducer is added to urge it to synthesize the substance. Then, the target product can be obtained by extracting and purifying it from the microbial culture liquid by biotechnological means. Although this biosynthetic method is more complicated, it is environmentally friendly and efficient, and it is also a good method for making this substance.

All the above production methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. The natural method, the product is pure, but the yield is limited, and it is limited by region and resources; the chemical synthesis method, the yield is considerable, but the equipment and technology requirements are very high, and it is easy to produce pollution; the biosynthetic method is green and environmentally friendly, but the microbial culture and control are more difficult. Those who make this product should carefully choose the appropriate method according to their own conditions and needs.

How stable is the substance?

The stability of this substance is related to many factors such as its environment, chemical composition and structure. Although the stability of this substance is not directly discussed in "Tiangong Kaiwu", many reasons for the properties and changes of materials contained in the book can be bypassed.

The stability of ordinary substances is easier to stabilize if they have a strong molecular structure and strong bonding forces between atoms. For example, copper, whose atoms are connected by metal bonds, has a dense structure, and is highly stable at room temperature, making it difficult to react with ordinary substances.

From the perspective of the environment, temperature, humidity, light, etc. can all affect the stability. Take salt as an example, it can be stored for a long time in a dry environment, and its properties are stable; if it is in a humid place, it is easy to be dissolved by moisture and its stability will be broken. "Tiangong Kaiwu" also talks about many methods of material preservation, all of which consider the influence of the environment on its stability.

Re-discussion of chemical composition, those containing active elements often have poor stability. Such as alkali metals, the outer electron number is small, and it is easy to lose electrons. The chemical properties are active and the stability is poor. In inert gases, the outer electron has a stable structure and hardly reacts with other substances, resulting in excellent stability.

In addition, the microstructure such as crystal form and particle size of the substance also affects the stability. Fine-grained matter, because of its large specific surface area, has more opportunities to contact the outside world, and its stability may be inferior to that of coarse-grained matter.

To know the stability of this substance, it is necessary to carefully investigate its structure and chemical composition, and consider the role of environmental factors, and make comprehensive judgments before reaching an accurate conclusion.

How soluble is it in different solvents?

The solubility of human substances in different liquids is related to many factors, which cannot be ignored.

In terms of water, many salts are soluble in it. For example, sodium chloride is very soluble in water, and it melts in water at room temperature. This is because of the strong interaction between ions and water molecules. The ions are surrounded by water molecules and evenly dispersed to form a solution. If organic substances such as sucrose are also soluble in water, the cover can be dissolved because its molecules are polar and can be connected with water molecules by hydrogen bonds.

However, the situation is very different when it comes to organic solvents such as oils. Water is difficult to dissolve in oil, because its polarity is contrary to the non-polarity of oil, and the two are incompatible, just like "water and fire are incompatible". However, non-polar organic compounds such as paraffin wax are soluble in oil, and follow the principle of "similar miscibility" due to the similar forces between the two molecules.

Looking at alcohol again, it has good solubility in water and many organic solvents. This is because alcohol molecules have both polar and non-polar parts. They are not only miscible with water through hydrogen bonds, but also miscible with non-polar organic solvents due to molecular forces.

There are other special things that are soluble in specific solutions. For example, copper hydroxide is insoluble in normal conditions, but in acid solutions, it can react with acid and then dissolve. This is because chemical reactions change its form of existence, causing it to disperse in solution.

From this point of view, the solubility of a substance in a different liquid is not only related to the structure of the substance itself, the intermolecular forces, but also related to the properties of the solvent. Or due to polarity matching, or due to chemical reactions, there are different dissolution situations, which is a natural wonder, which is thought-provoking.